Inhibition of type III IFN production by PEDV.Recent studies have shown that type III IFNs play a critical role in maintaining the antiviral state of the epithelium in the gut (14, 35, 36). We also showed that they inhibited PEDV infection (Fig. 2). Thus, we hypothesized that PEDV might have evolved to modulate the type III IFN response of the host. To investigate this possibility, we first assessed the expression of type III IFNs in PEDV-infected IPEC-DQ cells. Cells were inoculated with PEDV at an MOI of 5, and cell lysates were prepared at various times postinfection for RT-qPCR. Transfection with poly(I·C) as a positive control induced the strong induction of all three subtypes of IFN-λ (IFN-λ1, IFN-λ3, and IFN-λ4), with the highest level of production being found for IFN-λ3 (Fig. 3A to C). We were not able to detect IFN-λ2 under these conditions, suggesting the possibility of an IFN-λ2 deficiency in swine. Infection of IPEC-DQ cells with PEDV caused a slight induction of all subtypes of IFN-λ at 3 hpi and quickly downregulated their induction at 9 hpi and 12 hpi. We also evaluated type III IFN induction in LLC-PK1 cells. At an MOI of 0.01, no apparent induction was noticed in these cells throughout the observation period. Transcript levels of each subtype of IFN-λ were also negligible (data not shown). At a high MOI of 5, type III IFNs were still not inducible in LLC-PK1 cells, and the levels of the respective mRNAs were also negligible (data not shown), suggesting that the suppression of type III IFN responses by PEDV was not limited to a particular cell type. For examination of whether PEDV could induce the activation of type III IFN at any time of infection, cells were transfected with the IFN-λ1 luciferase reporter and inoculated with PEDV to determine virus regulation of IFN-λ1 activity. IFN-λ1 promoter-driven luciferase activity was barely detectable in PEDV-infected cells, compared to the intense activity in poly(I·C)-stimulated cells (Fig. 3D), suggesting that PEDV infection suppressed IFN-λ1 expression.

Zollfrank, C., Gutbrod, K., Wechsler, P. & Guggenbichler, J. P. Antimicrobial activity of transition metal acid MoO3 prevents microbial growth on material surfaces. Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl. 32, 47–54 (2012).

Georgiev, S. V. et al. Cadmium isotopic evidence for increasing primary productivity during the Late Permian anoxic event. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 410, 84–96 (2015).

In addition, while the biomarker that we assessed did not show any response among nestlings, our census of barn swallows confirmed previous findings of population declines of several bird species in the Fukushima region33,34. In addition, it suggested that the population decline is due to lower fecundity and/or lower fledging rate, as demonstrated by a decrease in the proportion of juveniles at higher levels of radiation exposure. This result is consistent with the demonstrated decline in fertility, reproductive function and parental care that we have shown in Chernobyl in the barn swallow as well as in other species35,40,41,42.

350SC, 500WP: Sâu tơ/bắp cải 500SC: Sâu tơ/ cải thảo; sâu đục quả/cà pháo; sâu khoang/mồng tơi; bọ nhảy/su hào

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We thank H. Nakamura, T. Tokida, and C. Zhu for contributions to the RiceFACE project. We thank the following for financial support of this work: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; the Winslow Foundation; the Commonwealth Department of Agriculture (Australia), the International Plant Nutrition Institute, (Australia), the Grains Research and Development Corporation (Australia), the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan); the National Science Foundation (NSF IOS-13-58675); USDA NIFA 2008-35100-044459; research at SoyFACE was supported by the US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, which also provided support via the Small Grains and Potato Research Unit, Aberdeen ID; Illinois Council for Food and Agricultural Research (CFAR); Department of Energy’s Office of Science (BER) Midwestern Regional Center of the National Institute for Climatic Change Research at Michigan Technological University, under Award Number DEFC02- 06ER64158; and the National Research Initiative of Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program Grant no. 2010-65114-20343 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture. Early stages of this work received support from Harvard Catalyst|The Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center (National Center for Research Resources and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health Award 8UL1TR000170-05). Samuel S. Myers had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal that can be accumulated in the human body through the food chain1,2. The health risks of environmental Cd pollution have caused global concern, since the ‘itai-itai’ disease caused by chronic Cd poisoning appeared in Japan in the 1950’s3. As a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable strategy4, phytoremediation could be used in the remediation and sustainable management of Cd polluted soils5. The mechanisms of Cd uptake, transport, and storage in plants are of high interest with respect to phytoremediation of Cd polluted soils.